《风景园林》2023-04刊首语 | 郑曦：乡村生物多样性

全文刊登于《风景园林》2023年第4期 P6-7

乡村生物多样性

Rural Biodiversity

在乡村，我们向往可以与自然万物、与土地进行毫无负担的联结与沟通，向往可以体味长久以来人与自然和谐共生所创造出的丰富多彩的文化景观。诗意田园是人们心目中永恒的理想家园。“草长莺飞二月天，拂堤杨柳醉春烟。”与饱含未知与探索精神的荒野自然相比，乡村自然代表的是一种温润如玉的陪伴，也是一种生意盎然的希望。

乡村的勃勃生机应是看得见、听得到、闻得着、摸得到的，农田、水渠、田间的树木、鱼塘、聚落周边的圈舍、山林也都为生物提供了栖居觅食的环境。乡村生物多样性可视为人类长期活动下的人地互动关系，以及“生物-景观-文化”共生关系的重要指征。传统乡村对农业的开发、对林地的管理、对聚落的营建都蕴含着生态智慧，这促成了乡村的人居环境与自然、与生物形成动态平衡。现今在农业集约化、专业化，非农业用地扩张的背景下，乡村生态系统正受到冲击，乡村生物多样性的保护与发展该何去何从？

乡村生态环境所提供的生态效益让整个地球获益，2022年底，联合国《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会（COP15）第二阶段会议在加拿大蒙特利尔顺利闭幕。生物多样性保护进一步得到全球的广泛关注。会议通过的《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》（Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework，下文简称《框架》）提出了在2030年全面扭转生物多样性丧失局势的壮志雄心。针对乡村生物样性的问题，《框架》也从多个角度提供了解决思路：在对生物多样性价值高的地区进行保护和修复的基础上，特别强调“变革理论”（Theory of Change）的重要性，用于减少或扭转导致生物多样性丧失的驱动因素。《框架》明确提出需要控制使用农药和化肥，以缓解此类农业生产方式对全球生物多样性保护的重大威胁，还强调了乡村生物多样性在提供生态系统服务方面的重要作用，提出要确保农业、水产养殖、渔业和林业领域的可持续管理，通过大量使用生物多样性友好的创新性生产生活方式，以兼顾农业生态系统健康、可持续的农业生产力和粮食安全等多重目标。在就地保护和迁地保护之外，《框架》还提及饱含生态智慧的传统生产生活方式对于保护生物多样性的重要意义。由此可见，《框架》已经基本明确了乡村生物多样性保护的重要意义和实施目标，并得到了国际社会的广泛认可。但落实到具体国家、地区乃至不同村庄，必然还会面临很多操作层面的难题。

中国幅员辽阔，在生物多样性保护这一命题中，除了那些高生态价值的自然荒野，占据中国国土总面积90%以上的广大农村地区也需要我们重点关注。中国几千年农耕文明所形成的生态智慧，及其影响下所形成的可持续生产实践和传统保护地形式是长久以来保护大范围国土生物多样性的重要基石。作为提供生态系统服务的前沿阵地，乡村地区生物多样性丧失局面的扭转面临着诸多现实困境：如何平衡高质量高效率农业生产和乡村生物多样性保护之间的矛盾，如何根据各地乡村不同生态和文化基底合理确定可持续的农业生产方式，如何在生物多样性保护的同时兼顾当地社区可持续的经济社会发展，需要充分认识乡村生境所具有的介于城市和自然区域之间的半自然特征，加强对乡村生物多样性动态维持机制及时空演变特征，以及乡村人居环境干预对生物多样性影响等方面的研究。

中国乡村生物多样性的保护还需要针对特定自然地理区域的乡村，进行现状、问题、机制和策略等方面的深入研究。既要对乡村生物多样性总体变化、维持机制和保护策略进行宏观理论分析，也要对特定乡村地区、特定物种种群、栖息地和生境进行针对性的在地研究，同时系统梳理传统乡村生态智慧在生物多样保育中的方法体系，探索新时代下乡村生物多样性保护与规划设计新途径。

We yearn for the burden-free connection and communication with nature and land in the rural area, so as to experience the rich and colorful cultural landscape that has long been created in the harmonious coexistence of human and nature. Poetic rural landscape is always the ideal home for people. “The grass grows long in February, with warblers flying, while the willows are drunk with spring mist along river banks.” Compared with the wilderness nature full of unknown and exploratory inspiration, the nature of rural area demonstrates a kind of warm and jade-like companionship, as well as a vivid and exuberant hope. 

The great vitality in the rural area should be visible, audible, smellable and touchable, where an environment for creatures to dwell and feed is provided by the farmlands, irrigating channels, the trees embedded in the farmland, the ponds for fishing, the enclosures around settlements, and the hills and forests not far away. Biodiversity in rural area can be regarded as an important indicator of the human-land interaction formed in the long-term human activities, as well as a measure of the symbiotic relationship of “biology-landscape-culture”. In traditional villages, the development of agriculture, the management of woodlands, and the construction of settlements all showcase abundant ecological wisdom, which contributed to a dynamic balance among human habitats, nature and the living creatures in rural areas. Nowadays, in the context of agricultural intensification and specialization development, as well as the expansion of non-agricultural land, rural ecosystems are being impacted severely. Then, what course to follow regarding the conservation and development of rural biodiversity?

The ecological benefits from healthy rural ecosystems would benefit the entire Planet. At the end of 2022, the second phase of the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP15) of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was successfully concluded in Montreal, Canada. And biodiversity conservation has gained further attention from across global communities. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (the Framework) adopted at the Conference sets out an ambitious goal of fully reversing biodiversity loss by 2030. As to the problem of rural biodiversity, the Framework also offers a number of solutions from many perspectives: It especially emphasizes the importance of the Theory of Change in reducing or reversing the driving factors for biodiversity loss, in addition to the protection and restoration in the areas of high biodiversity value. The Framework clearly indicates the need to control the use of pesticides and fertilizers, so as to mitigate the significant threat to global biodiversity conservation posed by such agricultural production practices. Furthermore, stressing the important role of rural biodiversity in providing ecosystem services, the Framework proposes to ensure sustainable management in agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry. Through the widespread utilization of biodiversity-friendly and innovative production and livelihood practices, the Framework tries to deliver on multiple objectives, including healthy agricultural ecosystem, sustainable agricultural productivity, and food security. In addition to in situ and ex situ conservation, the Framework addresses the importance of the ecologically intelligence showcased by traditional production and lifestyle for the conservation of biodiversity. It can be seen that the Framework has basically defined the significance and implementation objectives of rural biodiversity conservation, and such objectives have been widely recognized internationally. However, when it comes to implementation in specific countries, regions and even different villages, there will certainly be many operational conundrums. 

China has a vast territory. Regarding biodiversity conservation, the vast rural areas in China, which take more than 90% of its total land area, entail our critical attention, in addition to the natural wilderness with high ecological value. The ecological wisdom formulated in Chinese agricultural civilization over thousands of years, and the sustainable production practices developed under the influence of such civilization, along with the traditional methods for protected area, have long been the important cornerstone for the protection of biodiversity on a large scale of the country. As the frontline for providing ecosystem services, the actions for reversal of biodiversity loss in rural areas are facing many practical dilemmas: How to strike a balance between high-quality and high-efficiency agricultural production and rural biodiversity conservation? How to reasonably structure sustainable agricultural production mode according to different ecological and cultural bases in various rural areas. And how to balance the sustainable economic and social development of local communities while protecting its biodiversity? To address such problems, it is necessary to fully understand that rural habitats have the semi-natural characteristics that stand between urban and natural areas. With the restoration and conservation of rural species as the cornerstone, we shall boost research in the following aspects: the dynamic maintenance mechanism and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of rural biodiversity; and the impact of human intervention on biodiversity whilst living environment construction, among other topics. 

The conservation of rural biodiversity in China also requires in-depth research regarding the existing condition, problems, mechanisms and strategies of villages in specific geographical areas. On the one hand, it is necessary to make macroscopic and theoretical analysis on the overall changes of rural biodiversity as well as its maintenance mechanisms and conservation strategies; on the other hand, it is urgent to conduct targeted research on specific rural areas, species populations and habitats. Meanwhile, the methodologies and systems of traditional rural ecological wisdom for biodiversity conservation shall be systematically explored, so as to find out new approaches to the conservation, planning and design of rural biodiversity in the new era.

主编：郑曦教授

Editor-in-chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

2023年4月2日

April 2, 2023

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